NiO Embedded PANI /Ti3C2Tx MXene Detector for Electrochemical Enzyme Free Glucose Detection

Abstract

Recent advancements in biosensor technologies have paved the way for innovative non-enzymatic glucose monitoring methods using various human body fluids. Sweat has garnered significant attention as a suitable analyte for painless glucose monitoring. This study focuses on the synthesis and application of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) decorated polyaniline nanosheets (PANI NS) incorporated Ti3C2Tx (NiOMP) for non- invasive enzyme-free glucose sensing. The NiOMP nanocomposite was synthesized using an ice bath-assisted ultrasonication method, which facilitated the uniform decoration of NiO NPs on PANI NS incorporated with Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. This morphology was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with NiOMP-modified disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to achieve a sensitivity of 3551.53 µAmM1cm2 and an outstanding detection limit (LOD) of 0.019 µM. The sensor exhibited a dynamic linear range from 5 µM to 500 µM, ensuring broad applicability for different glucose concentrations. The NiOMP /SPCE also showed excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, making it well-suited for sweat glucose detection. Practical applicability was validated by testing sweat samples from a diabetic volunteer over five consecutive days, confirming the sensor’s catalytic efficiency in detecting sweat glucose. The results confirmed that the NiOMP/SPCE sensors are reliable and non-invasive glucose detectors, contributing significantly to developing advanced biosensor applications.